Azetidines with All-Carbon Quaternary Centers: Merging Relay Catalysis with Strain Release Functionalization.

Given the importance and beneficial characteristics of decorated azetidines in medicinal chemistry, efficient strategies for their synthesis are highly sought after. Herein, we report a facile synthesis of the elusive all-carbon quaternary-center-bearing azetidines. By adopting a well-orchestrated polar-radical relay strategy, ring strain release of bench-stable benzoylated 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butane (ABB) can be harnessed for nickel-catalyzed Suzuki Csp2-Csp3 cross-coupling with commercially available boronic acids in broad scope (>50 examples), excellent functional group tolerance, and gram-scale utility. Preliminary mechanistic studies provided insights into the underlying mechanism, wherein the ring opening of ABB with a catalytic quantity of bromide accounts for the conversion of ABB into a redox-active azetidine, which subsequently engages in the cross-coupling reaction through a radical pathway. The synergistic bromide and nickel catalysis could intriguingly be derived from a single nickel source (NiBr2). Application of the method to modify natural products, biologically relevant molecules, and pharmaceuticals has been successfully achieved as well as the synthesis of melanocortin-1 receptor (MC-1R) agonist and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) inhibitor analogues through bioisosteric replacements of piperidine with azetidine moieties, highlighting the potential of the method in drug optimization studies. Aside from the synthesis of azetidines, we demonstrate the ancillary utility of our nickel catalytic system toward the restricted Suzuki cross-coupling of tertiary alkyl bromides with aryl boronic acids to construct all-carbon quaternary centers.

Aromatization as an Impetus to Harness Ketones for Metallaphotoredox-Catalyzed Benzoylation/Benzylation of (Hetero)arenes.

Herein we report ketones as feedstock materials in radical cross-coupling reactions under Ni/photoredox dual catalysis. In this approach, simple condensation first converts ketones into prearomatic intermediates that then act as activated radical sources for cross-coupling with aryl halides. Our strategy enables the direct benzylation/benzoylation of (hetero)arenes under mild reaction conditions with high functional group tolerance.